• The 2023 AGM season did not see an increase in climate change resolutions (either board proposed or shareholder requisitioned), and among FTSE 350 companies there was in fact a decrease in such resolutions compared to the previous year.  One explanation for this decrease is companies having passed resolutions that only require them to seek a shareholder advisory vote on climate change every three years (i.e. so it was not required in 2023), but it was notable that there were not further new companies proposing, or being required to propose, these resolutions.
   
• Climate change is still an important area of interest and no doubt both companies and shareholders will be considering climate change ahead of the 2024 AGM season, particularly those issuers in the finance and energy sectors.

• While the requirements in IFRS S2 are broadly consistent with the TCFD core recommendations and recommended disclosures, there are some differences, which the IFRS Foundation has summarised in this comparison. Companies that apply the ISSB Standards will meet the TCFD recommendations and so do not need to apply the TCFD recommendations in addition to the ISSB Standards.
  
  
• The Government has recently launched a Call for Evidence seeking views on the costs, benefits and practicalities of Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions and the current Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting framework.  The responses will help inform the Government's decision on whether to adopt the IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 to create UK Sustainability Disclosure Standards. The Call for Evidence closes on 14 December 2023.
  
  
• In October 2023, the TCFD published its 2023 Status Report and the Financial Stability Board published its 2023 Annual Progress Report on climate-related disclosures, which covers the TCFD's findings as well as the progress made by the ISSB following the issue of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2.

For more information on the ISSB Standards and other developments in sustainability reporting in the EU and UK, see our briefing.

Financial Reporting Council ("FRC") Lab Report on ESG Data Distribution and Consumption

• In July 2023, the FRC Lab published its Phase 2 Report on ESG data distribution and consumption, which forms the second part of the FRC Lab's project about the production, distribution and consumption of ESG data, having published its Phase 1 Report in August 2022 on improving ESG data production.
  
  
• The Phase 2 Report:
  
  
  • focuses on how investors access and collect ESG data, how they use it and recommendations as to how ESG data flow can be better optimised; and

• • identifies key areas which include motivation (the key drivers of why investors are collecting data), method (how ESG data is collected and prepared for investors) and meaning (how investors integrate ESG data into their investment processes).

FRC Thematic Review of Climate-related Metrics and Targets

• In July 2023, the FRC published a review of climate-related metrics and targets, including net zero pledges, published by listed companies as part of their TCFD disclosures. Metrics and targets was an area for improvement identified by the FRC in its July 2022 report on TCFD disclosures by premium listed companies.
  
  
• The 2023 report analysed disclosures by 20 listed companies across the materials and buildings, energy, banking and asset management sectors. The report found that although there have been incremental improvements in reporting of metrics and targets, clarity and detail were sometimes lacking, as well as reporting of progress.

European Sustainability Reporting Standards

• The Directive on Corporate Sustainability Reporting ("CSRD") entered into force on 5 January 2023. As a reminder, it will impact non-EU companies with significant operations in the EU (and a legal presence by way of large/listed subsidiary or branch) from 2028 with the first sustainability report due in 2029. Any entity listed on an EU regulated market is caught regardless of EU turnover (provided the entity is above "micro" size) and will need to comply in one of the earlier waves of CSRD applying. 
  
  
• The standards to enable reporting under the CSRD were finalised in July 2023 and are awaiting publication. The reporting requirements remain extensive and are anticipated to require significant preparatory work for in scope entities. See our recent briefing.

FRC Lab Report on Net Zero Disclosures

• In October 2022, the FRC Lab published a report to assist reporting teams in preparing disclosures on net zero and other greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments to help improve the quality and usefulness of reporting.
  
  
• As well as highlighting issues, interesting practice and practical questions for preparers to consider, the report is also supported by an example bank, which sets out practical examples of current good practice.

FRC Annual Review of Corporate Reporting

• The FRC published its findings and expectations relating to its corporate reporting review carried out up to 31 March 2023. Despite high interest rates, persistent inflation and ongoing economic uncertainty, the FRC was pleased that the quality of corporate reporting for the FTSE 350 companies reviewed remained the same. The most frequently raised issues related to impairment of assets and judgements and estimates and the FRC "continued to identify a significant number of issues with cash flow statements." 
  
  
• The FRC reviewed climate-related disclosures and remuneration reporting and the review notes areas where disclosures could be enhanced. The review also sets out ten areas for improvement including in relation to the strategic report, financial instruments, accounting policies and fair value measurements. The FRC confirmed that the separate Review of Corporate Governance Reporting for 2023 will be published later in the year.

FRC Lab Report on Materiality

• The FRC has published a Report on the materiality of information contained in a company's annual report and accounts to encourage boards and management to have a "materiality mindset" to strengthen their reporting. To help companies report more clearly, the FRC has created a toolkit which includes: (i) thinking about investor needs and decision-making; (ii) taking a holistic approach to materiality; and (iii) embedding a materiality mindset. These are suggested by the FRC in the context of reporting but the FRC notes they could also be used for wider strategic and risk management processes.

Insider Lists

• In December 2022, the FCA published Market Watch 71, which provides useful commentary on insider lists and the management of inside information. The FCA has observed a downward trend in the number of persons included on permanent insider lists as a result of firms limiting the number of staff who have access to inside information and the FCA considers that this ongoing decrease in access reduces the opportunities for unlawful disclosure of that information, and therefore enhances the integrity of UK markets. The newsletter includes a list of methods used to reduce access.
  
  
• The FCA has also noted that it has received insider lists in response to regulatory requests that do not contain all of the personal information required under the UK version of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/347 (the "Technical Standards") (i.e. telephone numbers, dates of birth and national identification numbers).

Multimedia Content

• In its Primary Market Bulletin 44, the FCA noted that some primary information providers are offering the option for issuers to include multimedia content in announcements. The FCA confirmed that regulatory announcements containing multimedia content could breach certain requirements of the Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules and the UK Market Abuse Regulation ("UK MAR"), in particular, the requirement to release information in unedited full text.

Reform of the Main Market Listing Regime:

• In May 2023, the FCA published its latest consultation paper as part of its Primary Markets Effectiveness Review. As expected from the discussion paper that was published in 2022, the proposed way forward is a single segment listing for equity shares in commercial companies ("ESCC"), removing the current two-tier listing regime comprising premium and standard listings.
  
  
• The revised proposals no longer include a split between mandatory and supplementary continuing obligations; instead, there will be one set of continuing obligations for all companies in the ESCC category.
  
  
• The consultation closed in June 2023 and the FCA intends to consult further on the detail of the proposed rules changes in autumn 2023.

For further information on the UK capital markets regulatory reforms, including with respect to the UK prospectus regime and secondary fundraisings, see our briefing.

Pensions Dashboards

• Delays in establishing the 'ecosystem' for pensions dashboards has led the Government to postpone the deadlines for pension schemes and personal pension providers to connect to the dashboard.  There is now a single legal deadline of 31 October 2026 by which all schemes and providers must connect but forthcoming Government guidance will set out earlier expected connection dates.  These are likely to be staged by reference to scheme type and size.  Schemes are required to "have regard to" this guidance and so may need to explain any failure to meet the deadline that applies to them under the guidance. 
  
  
• In the meantime, the Pensions Regulator is urging schemes to continue their work towards connecting to and interacting with pensions dashboards.  In this regard, please see our article "10 actions for getting to grips with pensions dashboards" and video discussions.

Defined Benefit Scheme Funding

• Last year we reported on a consultation on draft regulations and a future consultation on a Pensions Regulator code of practice, which will together provide the detail of a revised regime for funding defined benefit ("DB") pension schemes.  This will be based on schemes having a long-term objective (for example, buy-out, consolidation or run-off) and a funding and investment strategy and journey plan to get them there.  The emphasis is on security for scheme members by requiring low investment risk and low dependency on the employer for future contributions by the time a scheme reaches a specified level of maturity.  The regulations and code are still not in place but are expected to be finalised later this year, to take effect in respect of scheme valuations with effective dates from April 2024.  For more detail, please see What's Happening in Pensions Issue 99 and our Pension Schemes Act 2021 briefing.
  
  
• The latest delay follows Parliament's Work and Pensions Committee expressing concerns about over-concentration of investment in gilts, which in part contributed to the liability-driven investment ("LDI") crisis that followed the September 2022 'mini-Budget' and which the above policy encourages.  There are also notable conflicts between the DB funding proposals and the Government's newer policy of encouraging more pension scheme investment in equities and other "productive assets", rather than gilts, in order to support economic growth (see below).
  
  
• As regards the LDI crisis, our November 2022 briefing "LDI – Reflections on the mini-budget and the road ahead" explains what happened and why and our May 2023 briefing "Lessons from the LDI crisis" which considers the resulting Pensions Regulator and FCA guidance.

'Mansion House Reforms'

• The 'Mansion House reforms' include multiple proposals for enlisting DB and defined contribution (DC) pension schemes in the push for economic growth whilst also maintaining security and improving outcomes for pension savers.  The detail was announced in various calls for evidence, consultations and responses published the morning after the Chancellor's Mansion House speech.  News of the next steps is now awaited.
  
  
• Most of the announcements are to encourage:

• • DB schemes to invest more adventurously (ideally in the UK) in order to help grow the economy.  That means reducing investment in gilts – though not excessively because the Government needs that investment - and increasing investment in 'productive assets' such as private equity and infrastructure.  This is against a backdrop of many DB schemes having moved significantly (and increasingly) out of equities and into gilts, corporate bonds and other liability-aligned strategies in recent years (see above).  Increases in interest rates have meant that many DB schemes are now in surplus.  This is leading to an even greater extent to low-risk investment strategies that protect the funding position.  Additionally, many schemes have secured liabilities with insurers or are now able to do so. 
    
    Options under consideration by the Government include making surplus easier to access and increasing the consolidation of schemes, perhaps involving a non-commercial consolidator.

• • DC schemes to allocate more of pension savers' default fund assets to 'productive investments'.  Recent changes to the charges cap have facilitated more investment in illiquid assets such as private equity and infrastructure, provided certain criteria are met.  The Pensions Regulator's continued pressure on small schemes (which are less likely to have good governance and which rarely invest in illiquid assets) to consolidate into master trusts should also make a difference, but the asset scale is small.  Another development that should have a greater impact includes major personal pension and master trust providers targeting 5% default fund asset allocation to unlisted equities by 2030.

• • The Government is also pressing ahead with new value for money assessment and reporting requirements requiring schemes to offer members options for 'decumulation' of pension pots at retirement and a regime for the automatic consolidation of small deferred pension pots.
    
    
• This is all to be done through a variety of non-compulsory measures.  For more detail, please see What's Happening in Pensions Issue 104.

Automatic Enrolment Extension

• A new statute lays the ground for extending employers' pensions automatic enrolment duties.  No timescale has been fixed but a consultation on regulations is expected soon.  The legislation allows the lower threshold of the 'qualifying earnings' band to be removed, perhaps on a phased basis, so that contributions are payable on pay from the first penny.  It also allows the minimum automatic enrolment age, currently 22, to be lowered to 18.

Climate Change and Environment
ESOS – Updates to Phase 3

• The UK's implementation of Article 8 of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive is coming up to its third reporting phase ("Phase 3"). ESOS requires in-scope companies to measure and audit their energy use and report them to the UK's Environment Agency. For Phase 3, this reporting deadline was due to fall on 5 December 2023. However, this will now be extended to 5 June 2024 to allow the Government time to pass legislation implementing changes to the scheme.
  
  
• Last year the Government announced several changes to ESOS, including the reduction of the 10% de minimis exemption to "up to 5%", the addition of an energy intensity metric in ESOS reports and a requirement for participants to set a target or action plan following the Phase 3 compliance deadline, which they will be required to report against for Phase 4. See our briefing for further details.
  
  
• The Environment Agency has also recently indicated that the Government will consider broadening the scope of ESOS to medium-sized companies in Phase 4 (this was considered but rejected for Phase 3).

EU Supply Chain Due Diligence Proposals

• The EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive remains in draft form. On 1 June 2023, the European Parliament adopted its negotiating position and significant differences remain between the positions of the European Council, Commission and Parliament. The substance of the drafts remains largely aligned and would impose a duty for businesses to identify, assess and prevent human rights and environmental impacts based on a system of effective due diligence. It would also require companies (and their subsidiaries) to have in place a code of conduct describing rules and principles to be followed by their employees and subsidiaries and, where relevant, their direct or indirect business partners. 
  
  
• However, which companies will be subject to the new rules is far from decided, with the European Parliament favouring lower thresholds (EU companies with 250 employees or more and net worldwide turnover of €40 million or more, regardless of sector), while the Council and Commission proposals would capture EU companies with over 500 employees and net worldwide turnover of €150 million or more with lower thresholds for companies in high-risk sectors.
  
  
• All drafts continue to include companies based outside the EU but who operate and generate significant turnover in the EU. Given the differences, agreement on the final text is not expected before the end of 2023 at the earliest, with the first obligations not expected to apply until 2027 or later. 

EU's Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regime

• On 14 September 2023, the European Commission issued a Targeted Consultation and a Public Consultation on the implementation of the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation ("SFDR"), which will close on 15 December 2023.  The Consultations include a series of questions on the practical functioning of the SFDR and its possible reform.  The EU appears to have recognised that the SFDR is not as user-friendly as it had hoped and is seeking to assess its potential shortcomings and explore potential changes.
  
  
• There is an acknowledgement that, while the SFDR was designed as a disclosure regime, it is in practice being used as a labelling regime. As such, the Targeted Consultation asks whether the EU should impose uniform product level disclosure requirements for all financial products offered in the EU regardless of whether they make sustainability related claims or not.  See our briefing here.

Packaging Waste

• The Government has delayed the introduction of extended producer responsibility for packaging waste, after widespread industry lobbying against a system "not fit for purpose". A broad range of actions will be required to collect and in some instances report data on the volume of packaging they supply, with the aim of fully allocating liability for volumes of packaging placed on the market.
  
  
• Brand owners, importers and distributors would be covered, as well as online marketplaces facilitating sales into the UK, and service providers supplying reusable packaging. Costs associated with the scheme have not yet been announced, and fees have been deferred from 1 October 2024 until October 2025. Reporting obligations still technically apply from 1 October 2023 as per the Regulations, but the Environment Agency has said that it will not take enforcement action against any business that submits packaging data by 31 May 2024.

Retained EU Law
Retained EU Law Act

• The controversial legislation to enable the Government to revoke or reform retained EU law (the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act ("REUL Act")) received Royal Assent in June 2023.  The key implications for businesses are as follows:

• • A more moderate approach to sunsetting: In a welcome move, the original "sunsetting" provisions have been replaced with a more modest list of measures to be revoked at the end of 2023. Our view is that for most businesses, the final list is unlikely to give rise to serious concern.

• • But there will still be uncertainty: The legislation creates uncertainty over whether the meaning and effect of EU-derived law will remain the same.  It may also make it somewhat easier to depart from retained EU caselaw and gives the Government additional powers to change retained EU legislation on a fast-track basis.
    
    
  • Removal of directly effective rights: The REUL Act also provides for all "retained EU law rights" to be repealed at the end of 2023, removing rights derived from certain EU Treaty articles. This is likely to have an impact in areas such as employment and pensions.
    
    
  • New terminology: The REUL Act states that after the end of 2023, retained EU law is to be known as "assimilated law" (even if it is unchanged by the legislation). Whilst "retained EU law" may well remain in use, formal documents such as pleadings will need to use the new term.
    
    
• For more details, see our briefing, which also discusses the impact of the legislation in the following areas:  company law and M&A, consumer protection, contracts and applicable law, data protection, e-commerce and tech, employment, environment, financial services, intellectual property and pensions.  See also under "Tax" below, which is one of the areas where the Government is proposing to legislate to disapply certain aspects of the REUL Act, with a view to minimising potential uncertainty in areas such as VAT.

Commercial contracts 
Limiting liability

• Commercial contracts often require goods or services to be provided over several years – so is it better to have a single global limitation of liability for all claims over the life of the contract?  Or should you opt for multiple caps, where the limit effectively "resets" for each year of the contract or for each separate claim? 
  
  
• A recent case (Drax v Wipro (2023)) highlights the potential for disputes: whilst the supplier maintained there was a single cap, limiting recovery to £11.5 million, the customer argued for multiple caps, giving it scope to recover over £130 million.  Our briefing also looks at an earlier Court of Appeal case involving a similar dispute over liability caps.

Contract law

• Novation by conduct: In Musst Holdings Ltd v Astra Asset Management UK Ltd & Anor (2023), the Court of Appeal confirmed that it is possible for a novation to take place by conduct. The case looks at a fairly common commercial scenario where the novation was never formally documented, but the parties acted as if a novation had taken place.
  
  
• Certification clauses: In Sara & Hossein Asset Holdings Ltd v Blacks Outdoor Retail Ltd (2023), the Supreme Court considered the meaning of a certification clause in a lease relating to the service charge. Such clauses are often found in other contexts, for example as part of indemnity wording. The clause stated that the landlord could issue a certificate setting out the total cost and the amount payable and that (in the absence of manifest error or fraud) this certificate would be "conclusive". Did this mean that the tenant couldn't dispute the amount, as found by the Court of Appeal? The Supreme Court thought not. It concluded that the certificate was conclusive on the amount which the tenant had to pay (meaning it was not entitled to withhold payment), but that the tenant could still dispute the amount if it could show there was manifest error or fraud.
  
  
• Agency commission/pricing: In Barton v Gwynn-Jones (2023), the Supreme Court ruled that an agent was not entitled to any commission where he failed to achieve the target sale price for the relevant property, which was £6.5 million (it was sold for £6 million). The contract was agreed orally, and the majority took the view that the bargain struck here was an "all or nothing" deal. If the agent did not achieve the target, he would not be remunerated at all, whereas if he did meet it, he would receive a "bumper" commission of £1.2 million (more than double the norm for this type of work). The minority agreed with the Court of Appeal that, as the parties did not appear to have turned their minds to what should happen if the target was not met, it was not appropriate to conclude that it was an "all or nothing" deal. Instead, a term should be implied (under the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982) allowing the agent to claim reasonable remuneration for the services provided, based on the usual level of commission charged (equating to about £435,000).
  
  
• Force majeure: In MUR Shipping BV v RTI Ltd (2022), the Court of Appeal ruled that a force majeure clause did not apply because the party unable to comply with its obligations had offered suitable alternative performance (as envisaged by the clause, which included a reasonable endeavours obligation). In doing so, it reversed the decision at first instance, where the court ruled that the shipowners were entitled to insist on being paid in US dollars, not euros, as required by the contract. The case highlights the difficulties in relying on force majeure clauses, even where (as here) the contract is affected by US sanctions. See our detailed briefing.
  
  
• Good faith: In Re Compound Photonics Ltd (2022), the Court of Appeal provided some useful guidance on the meaning of good faith in a shareholder's agreement. See our detailed briefing.
  
  
• Construction of settlement agreements: In Maranello Rosso v Lohomij (2022), the Court of Appeal confirmed that, where the natural meaning of the wording of a settlement agreement and its factual matrix indicate that it is objectively intended to cover claims of fraud or dishonesty, that agreement will be given effect, even where these is no express reference to such claims in the relevant clause. Although a court will not readily conclude that a release includes claims for fraud and dishonesty without express wording, there is no rule of law to that effect. This serves as a useful reminder to carefully consider what claims you are releasing in a settlement agreement and to take care in the claims asserted in pre-action correspondence.  See our detailed briefing.

Outsourcing spotlight – Autumn 2023

• Our regular look at key developments and issues affecting the world of outsourcing covers a wide range of issues, including the implications of deploying artificial intelligence as part of an outsourcing transaction.

IP & Technology 
Artificial intelligence: regulatory, IP and data protection risks

• Regulating AI:  With governments worldwide urgently looking at how to regulate AI, our briefing, The shifting sands of AI regulation, looks at the different approaches being taken by the EU and the UK  - and what businesses wanting to deploy AI can realistically do now to prepare for increased regulation in future, despite the current uncertainty.
  
  
• AI and intellectual property:  With AI developers facing numerous challenges from content providers over alleged IP infringement, our briefing looks at issues relating to IP rights in AI systems and AI-generated content, the potential infringement risks that can arise from training and AI and its outputs – as well as the UK Government's response to these issues.
  
  
• AI and data protection: Data is often described as AI's "lifeblood" but there's widespread concern about personal data being unlawfully exploited or processed using AI tools. While the future approach to regulation of AI is still being heavily debated, existing data protection legislation, such as the GDPR and its UK equivalent, is likely to play an influential role – not least because regulators already have powers which they can use to oversee the new technology.  Our briefing looks at how big a role data protection can play in regulating AI and what lessons it may have for other areas. We also discuss how regulators in the UK and EU are responding and what businesses need to do to comply if they are considering the use of AI tools to handle personal data.
  

Cybersecurity 

• Improving cybersecurity for essential services and infrastructure is high on the agenda for the UK's and the EU's legislators, in response to the ever-evolving threat landscape. While the UK's and the EU's respective network and information systems or "NIS" regimes are to be strengthened (including bringing managed service providers into scope), the two regimes also look to be diverging. 
  
  
• Some fear that this may lead to inconsistent cybersecurity standards. In-scope organisations operating in both the UK and EU will need to monitor developments in relation to each regime and their suppliers should prepare for increased due diligence. Our briefing looks at some of the potential differences and their likely impact in practice.  For more information about handling cybersecurity threats originating from within an organisation or its supply chain, see our 'Mitigating a Data Breach ' podcast series.

Regulating online content

• The EU and the UK are each determined to regulate online content and protect users from online harms. The EU Digital Services Act ("DSA") impacts all online intermediaries operating in the EU at varying levels and is already in force. 
  
  
• Meanwhile, the journey of the UK's Online Safety Bill was a troubled one but it has now received Royal Assent (on 26 October 2023) and the majority of its provisions will come into effect two months thereafter. Our briefing looks at the obligations on online intermediaries under the DSA and the key similarities and differences compared with the Online Safety Act.

Counterfeit goods

• The Court of Justice of the European Union has ruled that Amazon could be held liable for trade mark infringement in relation to advertisements for 'fake' Christian Louboutin shoes placed on its website by a third party.  This preliminary ruling, a departure from previous case law and the Advocate General's opinion in the case, is good news for brand owners (particularly for luxury products) and may cause online platforms, offering both their own and third party products for sale, to rethink their website design.  Our briefing looks at the implications for brand owners and platforms both in the EU and the UK.

Data Protection
Data Protection and Digital Information Bill 

• The Government introduced the Data Protection and Digital Information (no. 2) Bill to Parliament on 8 March 2023 ("DPDI No.2"), withdrawing its previous Data Protection and Digital Information Bill ("DPDI No.1").  Promoted as "a truly bespoke, British system of data protection", as it transpires, DPDI No.2 is a modest uplift to DPDI No.1 and, overall, the package of reforms is not a dramatic departure from the UK GDPR, the framework of which is retained. 
  
  
• Given its current progress (as at October 2023), it looks unlikely that the Bill will become law before 2024.  For more detail, see our briefing. 

Transatlantic data transfers

• On 10 July 2023, the European Commission adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-US Data Privacy Framework ("DPF") so that transfers of personal data can be made compliantly from the EU to organisations in the US that have certified to the DPF, without the need for additional safeguards, such as standard contractual clauses, or for a transfer impact assessment.  See our briefing here.
  
  
• The UK Government has now also agreed a UK-US data bridge, as an extension to the DPF, that can be used in a similar way for transfers between the UK and DPF-certified organisations in the US.  Our briefing explains what this means for data transfers to the US, what the next steps are, and whether these transfer mechanisms will last.

LIBOR

• The FCA has announced that the 3-month synthetic sterling LIBOR setting (which is the last remaining tenor) will cease at the end of March 2024 and will not be quoted after this date. Since the end of June 2023, US dollar LIBOR is now published (for limited settings) on a synthetic basis only until the end of September 2024. The latest FCA announcement outlines the limited use cases for the synthetic dollar rate.
  
  
• Companies should have already worked with their lenders to remove any remaining LIBOR-related exposures in their loans.  Please see our commentary on consequences for other commercial contracts which reference LIBOR (for instance in late payment clauses). We also discuss alternative rates such as central bank rates, Term SONIA (for sterling) and Term SOFR (for dollars).

Tax
Spring Statement 2023

Business Expensing / Capital Allowances:

• The Chancellor announced full expensing of qualifying capital expenditure incurred in the three years from 1 April 2023, with the intention of making this permanent afterwards. This means that 100% of any qualifying expenditure on main rate expenditure will be deductible in the year it is occurred, giving immediate relief in 25 pence in the pound (the same rate available under the previous super deduction). This is significantly more generous than the UK's previous system of capital allowances, which only allowed 18% of the expenditure to be deducted each year on a reducing balance basis, giving tax relief at 3.4p in the pound in the first year, and lower in following years. For "special rate" expenditure, a 50% first-year allowance will be available, with the balance being deducted at 6% a year on a writing down basis.

Pensions Tax Changes:

• The Chancellor announced major changes to pensions allowances with the aim of encouraging the over 50s to remain in, or return to, work. 
  
  
• The key changes are as follows:
  
  
  • The lifetime allowance (currently £1,073,100) will be abolished.
  • The annual allowance was raised from £40,000 to £60,000.
  • The tapered annual allowance was raised from £4,000 to £10,000, with the 'adjusted income' threshold increased from £240,000 to £260,000.
  • The money purchase annual allowance was raised from £4,000 to £10,000. 
  • The maximum tax-free pension commencement lump sum (for those without protections for higher amounts), currently set at 25% of the lifetime allowance, will be retained and frozen at that level, which is £268,275.

• These changes took effect from 6 April 2023, although only the lifetime allowance tax charge has been abolished from April 2023, with the full lifetime allowance legislation to be repealed from April 2024.

R&D Relief:

• A new enhanced R&D tax credit was announced.  This tax credit is payable at 14.5% to loss making SMEs whose R&D expenditure makes up at least 40% of their total expenditure for an accounting period. This announcement will go some way to relieving SMEs following the reduction of the SME R&D tax credit to 10% in the Autumn Statement 2022.
  
  
• The Budget documents also confirmed that the planned changes to R&D relief which would include expenditure on data licences and cloud computing within qualifying expenditure will go ahead as planned for expenditure incurred from 1 April 2023 but that the restrictions limiting R&D relief to UK expenditure will be postponed until 1 April 2024. 
  
  
• Draft legislation has been published for the merger of the two types of R&D relief (RDEC and SME relief) that was consulted on earlier this year.  However, the Government has not yet decided whether to proceed with the merger; any such decision would not be announced until a future fiscal event – presumably the Autumn Statement that will be delivered on 22 November this year.  

Multinational Top-up Tax

• The UK Government has gone ahead with its implementation of OECD BEPS Pillar Two that seeks to establish a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% for multinational enterprises ("MNEs").  The rules will apply to MNEs that meet a €750m turnover threshold test, but there are various exclusions, including for investment funds and pension funds.  In the UK, the tax will be known as "multinational top up tax" and, the main charging provision, the income inclusion rule, will take effect in relation to accounting periods commencing on or after 31 December 2023.   A first draft of the backstop charging mechanism, undertaxed profits rule ("UTPR"), was published in July 2023. The UTPR is expected to be included in the Finance Bill 2024, but it is not yet clear when it will come into force. The UK Government has previously stated that the UTPR will not come into force before 31 December 2024.
  
  
• The UK has also a domestic top-up tax requiring large groups or standalone entities (again groups or entities that meet a €750m turnover threshold test) to pay a top-up tax where their UK operations have an effective tax rate of less than 15%. Unlike multinational top-up tax, domestic top-up tax will apply to large domestic groups and entities in additional to large multinational groups and entities. This will also take effect in relation to accounting periods commencing on or after 31 December 2023.

EU Retained Law

• As noted above, the recently enacted Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023 has provided for the sunsetting of some types of retained EU law from 1 January 2024. 
  
  
• As it is based on the EU's VAT Directive, there have been concerns that the UK VAT regime could be disturbed by the sunsetting provisions in the REUL Act.  To address these concerns, the Government has recently published draft legislation (which is open for consultation until 17 November 2023) that provides that certain types of retained EU law will continue to apply in relation to VAT and excise law, including retained general principles of EU law such as fiscal neutrality.   The precise impact of the draft legislation on the interaction between retained EU law and post-REUL Act domestic law will need to be worked through, but it is helpful that the Government considers that the draft legislation "ensures that UK VAT and excise legislation continues to be interpreted as Parliament intended, drawing on rights and principles that currently apply in interpreting UK law" and that that will ensure the stability of the VAT and excise regimes and provide legal certainty.
  
  
• The Government has also recently published draft legislation to address the concern that the 1.5% stamp tax charge arising on the issue or transfer of UK shares to clearance services and depositaries would be reintroduced as a result of certain provisions of EU law ceasing to be part of UK law from 1 January 2024.  The draft legislation provides that there will be (i) no SDRT on issues of UK shares to clearance services and depositaries; and (ii) an exemption from stamp duty and SDRT on transfers of shares to clearance services and depositaries where such transfers are part of capital raising transactions. 
  
  
• It is expected that both pieces of legislation will be included within next year's Finance Act but will have temporary statutory effect through the budget resolution procedure from 1 January 2024 until the time that Act receives royal assent.

Incentives

Health and Social Care Levy scrapped but Off Payroll Working rules retained:

• Several of the measures set out in the 2022 September Growth Plan were modified or dropped entirely by the new leadership team.  However, one change that was taken forward in the 2022 Autumn Statement was the abolition of The Health and Social Care Levy.  The levy had taken effect from April 2022, initially as a 1.25% increase to National Insurance contributions ("NICs") and dividend rates, with the intention that it would operate as a separate charge from April 2023.   The levy was cancelled and on 6 November 2022, NIC rates returned to their 2021/22 levels.  However, the dividend rates  of tax remain at 8.75%, 33.75% and 39.35% for basic, higher and additional rate taxpayers respectively. 
  
  
• The planned repeal of the Off Payroll Working Rules which apply to workers operating through intermediaries such as personal service companies has been cancelled.  These rules apply to tax contractors operating through intermediaries in the same way as employees if their working relationship with the end client resembles employment.  This means those engaging workers through intermediaries will continue to have to assess whether the arrangement is within the rules and, if it is, account for tax and NICs.     

HMRC Tax Advantaged Share Plans:

• From 6 April 2023, the maximum value of shares an individual can hold under a tax-advantaged Company Share Option Plan ("CSOP") doubled from £30,000 to £60,000 (calculated by reference to the value of the shares at the time of grant).  This increase is welcome news for companies operating CSOP plans as the previous limit, which had not changed for nearly 30 years, was soon reached by employees.  The Government has asked for comments on how to simplify and improve the all-employee plans, Save-As-You-Earn ("SAYE") and Share Incentive Plans ("SIP").  Changes that have been called for include increasing the financial limits on individual participation and reducing the vesting/holding periods for tax relief to be available.  The introduction of a new bonus rate calculation mechanism for SAYE participants means that from 18 August 2023, a bonus will be paid to new participants for the first time in nearly a decade.  

Changes to the Capital Gains Tax ("CGT") annual exemption:

• The reduction in the annual CGT exempt amount (down to £6,000 on 6 April and then halved to £3,000 from 6 April 2024 onwards) was unwelcome news for participants in tax-advantaged share option plans. This is because many of them have been able to use the allowance against gains realised when they sell their option shares to make participation in the plan effectively tax free. Some participants can transfer their shares to a spouse or civil partner first, to take advantage of double the allowance. The same issues arise for participants in share incentive arrangements that are not tax favoured but benefit from capital gains tax treatment.

Official Rate of Interest for Employment Tax Purposes increased to 2.25% from 6 April 2023:

• Where a company makes a loan to an employee (for example, to fund the purchase of shares) an income tax and NICs charge would arise if the interest charged is less than the "official rate".  From 6 April, the official rate rose from its previous level of 2% to 2.25%.

Recent tax rate changes

• 1 April 2023: main corporation tax rate increased from 19% to 25%.
  
  
• 6 April 2023: Additional tax rate threshold decreased from £150,000 to £125,140.